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1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic
The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic spanned 1836 through 1840, but reached its height after the spring of 1837 when an American Fur Company steamboat, the S.S. ''St. Peter'', carried infected people and supplies into the Missouri Valley.〔''Rationalizing Epidemics: Meanings and Uses of American Indian Mortality Since 1600''; David S. Jones; Harvard University Press; 2004; Pg. 76〕 More than 15,000 native Americans died along the Missouri River alone, with some tribes becoming nearly extinct. Having witnessed the effects of the epidemic on the Mandan tribe, fur trader Francis Chardon wrote, "the small-pox had never been known in the civilized world, as it had been among the poor Mandans and other Indians. Only ''twenty-seven'' Mandans were left to tell the tale."〔 The Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1839 reported on the casualties: "No attempt has been made to count the victims, nor is it possible to reckon them in any of these tribes with accuracy; it is believed that if the above number (''i.e., the number 17,200 for the upper Missouri River Indians'') was doubled, the aggregate would not be too large for those who have fallen east of the Rocky Mountains."〔''The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian''; Esther Wagner Stearn, Allen Edwin Stearn; University of Minnesota; 1945; Pgs. 13-20, 73-94, 97〕
== History ==
Smallpox has afflicted Native Americans since it was carried to the western hemisphere by the Spanish conquerors, with credible accounts of epidemics dating back to at least 1515.〔 The Mandan tribe, also called the People of the Pheasants, had previously experienced a major smallpox epidemic in 1780-81 which severely reduced their numbers down to less than a few thousand.〔''Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present''; George C. Kohn; Pgs. 252-253〕 Many other tribes along the Missouri river suffered smallpox epidemics during 1801-02 and 1831.〔 Sporadic efforts were made to promote vaccination among the Native Americans since the turn of the nineteenth century, and a couple years after the Indian Removal Act the U.S. Congress took its first step in 1832 to generate public support for vaccination of the Native Americans.〔''Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History''; Donald R. Hopkins; University of Chicago Press; 1983; Pgs.270-271〕 But shortly after passage of this congressional act to extend vaccinations to Indians, Secretary Cass stated that no effort would be made "under any circumstances" to send surgeons to vaccinate Indians up the Missouri River beyond the Arickaree tribe. This Great Plains epidemic spanned thousands of miles, reaching California, the northwestern coast and central Alaska before finally subsiding in 1840.〔
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